Victorian Maternity Essay -- Victorian Era

Victorian Maternity Working Class Maternity According to author Helena Wojtczak, â€Å"the average working class wife was either pregnant or breast-feeding from wedding day to menopause,† bearing approximately eight pregnancies, and ultimately raising approximately five children. This overflow of offspring was most likely linked to the fact that birth control literature was illegal at the time (Wojtczak). Wohl’s research of the difficulties in Victorian childbirth shows that a combination of a nutrient deficient diet, and a substantial deficiency of both height and weight prevalent in urban working class Victorian women very likely contributed to an exceedingly high number of premature births, and consequently, a high infant mortality rate. Also, working class women were expected to continue working throughout their entire pregnancy. Examples of this prejudice can be found in Victorian articles such as â€Å"The Rearing and Management of Children: Mother and Baby† in Cassells Household Guide. The article s tates that, â€Å"He who placed one woman in a position where labour and exertion are parts of her existence, gives her a stronger state of body than her more luxurious sisters. To one inured to toil from childhood, ordinary work is merely exercise, and, as such, necessary to keep up her physical powers, though extra work should be, of course, avoided as much as possible.† In reference to pregnancy outside of marriage, Wojtczak notes that it was notably common for a working class woman to become pregnant out of wedlock, and due to the social stigma involved, and the possibility of unemployment, these women often chose to conceal their pregnancy. Middle Class Maternity By the mid nineteenth century, Abrams states that Victorian middle cl... ...ther and Baby.† Cassells Household Guide, New and Revised Edition. C.1880s [no date]. Victorian London. Lee Jackson, Ed. Vol. I. Pg. 10. 8 November 2004 . Wohl, Anthony S. â€Å"Women and Victorian Public Health: Difficulties in Childbirth.† The Victorian Web: Literature, History and Culture in the Age of Victoria. George P. Landlow. 29 June 2002. National University at Singapore. 8 November 2004. . Wojtczak, Helena. â€Å"Pregnancy and Childbirth.† English Social History: Women of Nineteenth-Century Hastings and St.Leonards. An Illustrated Historical Miscellany. The Hastings Press. The Victorian Web: Literature, History, and Culture in the age of Victoria. George P. Landlow. National University at Singapore. 8 November 2004

Events of WWII Meless

On the morning of August 19, 1942 -? a convoy Of 237 ships reached Dipped and the German ships opened fire and woke the German soldiers. When the troops reached land the Germans were ready with a crossfire of bullets and artillery shells. 901 Canadians were killed, 2000 were captured, and only 221 1 soldiers made it back to England. Who German troops, Allied Troops (US, Britain, Canada and Russia) Why – British commanders who planned the raid had little or no experience. The sea battle took away the surprise attack, and the German troops were ready and waiting y the time the allied troops reached land.Relevance -? Learning experience for the Allied commanders, Allies learned that the Nazi's were well -prepped for future attacks on the French occupied coast and that any future attacks would have to be massive and well-organized. The failure of Dipped will help the planning of successful D-day. D-Day When – June 6, 1944 Where – Normandy France (Operation Overlord) Who – Germans, Americans, British and Canadians and American General Dwight D. Eisenhower What – Fought German troops, landing place had been pet secret and the Germans did not expect the attack.Invading troops had the massive support and protection. Landing was successful and within one month, more than one million allied Troops Were steadily pushing German armies out of France. Germans faced ;o major fronts and the Allied demanded Germany's unconditional surrender. In the end, Hitler shot himself and Mussolini and his wife ended up getting caught by the Italians underground resistance fighters and were later killed. Hitler committed suicide by shooting himself and finally the Europeans celebrated.This lead to V-E day (Victory in Europe Day) Relevance – Highly successful and well- planning battle, Germans were bombed and had to surrender – Ultimately this began the end for the European front of the War, leading to V-E day. Japan continues the Fight (A-bo mb) Where – Pacific (Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan) What -? Americans continued to fight the Japanese (who had never surrender policy, Kamikaze fighter pilots). Eventually, the Americans detonated the American bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima When – August 6, 1945 in Hiroshima and soon after in Nagasaki.Japan officially surrendered on August 14, 1945. Who – President Truman (USA), The US Military, Japan and Japanese Civilians (90 000 people died from the a-bomb in Hiroshima) Why – Americans wanted to shorten the war as it was still going on despite the German defeat. By dropping the A-bombs, Americans the first to use nuclear weapons in a war. Relevance -? Use of A-bombs helped the Americans defeat the Asian but at a high civilian cost. Ended WI. Revolutionized modern warfare and it was the foundation of Cubism (fear of nuclear weapons in General).

Solitary Confinement Is A Torture No One Deserves - 909 Words

Solitary Confinement Four concrete walls, a steel bed, and a sink to soak the unclean clothes in as well as an insignificantly compact restroom. Welcome to solitary confinement where the lights always stay on and there’s always room for just one, you. When we think about solitary confinement we probably think of a killer or rapist getting what they deserve. What we don’t see is another human life being psychologically destroyed. Some of these prisoners have been in solitary confinement from a couple of years to decades. It is true that these are not honorable or peace keeping men, but a human life being tortured by solitude is a torture no one deserves. Terry Kupers says â€Å"What we’ve found is a series of symptoms almost universally. They are so common that it something of a syndrome.† â€Å"I’m afraid were talking about permanent damage.† Not only are these men and women being held without any social contact, but are also under constant surveillance with fluorescent lights never shutting off. Our human brain is ill adapt for such conditions. Being kept in these â€Å"special housing† rooms no bigger than bathroom sized restrooms these inmates experience a large number of mental and physical trauma. Having social interaction is a must as a positive impact on our brains releases a molecule called the growth factor. Neuroscientist Huda Akil said â€Å"Depriving people of that is physically depriving the brain of its nourishment, without any social interaction some people hallucinate orShow MoreRelatedDrawbacks of Solitary Confinement1716 Words   |  7 PagesNot too many people know what Solitar y confinement is or what it can do to a human being. Solitary confinement is a special form of imprisonment. 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